In 1539 the Apostolic Inquisition of Mexico accused Martin Ocelotl of idolatry, blasphemy, and other crimes against the Church. Martin Ocelotl was a traditional ritual specialist from the area of Tetzcoco who actively opposed the imposition of colonialism and called for the restoration of the traditional way of life. The files of his trial register that Ocelotl had clandestinely performed a traditional ritual healing on behalf of Don Pablo Xochiquen, a puppet ruler (cuauhtlahtoani) of Mexico Tenochtitlan during the early colonial era. While the folios of the Inquisitorial trial provide only incidental data about the nature of the therapy that Don Pablo undertook, an examination of other early colonial sources strongly suggests that it was the treatment “for the fatigue that afflicts those who administer the Republic and hold Public Office”, a culturally recognized disease in the traditional Materia Medica of Mesoamerica. The treatment of Don Pablo Xochiquen at the hands of Martin Ocelotl during the first decades of Spanish rule not only illuminates indigenous notions of the Nahua etiology of disease, it also reveals important clues about the clash between Aztec and Spanish medicine, and about the more general political and cultural dynamics of early colonial Mexico.